第63页(第2页)
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狐兔、麋鹿”,用建有兽笼的&1dquo;槛车”运到长杨射熊馆。再放到用网罗木桩建成的
围场之中,&1dquo;令胡人手搏之,自取其获”,成帝则在围场外欣赏。这种无聊行为,
使&1dquo;农民不得收敛”者弥月。扬雄曾随成帝到射熊馆,亲睹其状,于是&1dquo;还,上
《长杨赋》”。赋中扬雄&1dquo;藉翰林主人”与&1dquo;子墨客卿”的对话,对长杨射猎作了
夸张的描写,亦希望统治者对这场&1dquo;扰于农民,三句有余”的荒堂作法有所反省。
后来扬雄作《法言》说:&1dquo;禽兽食人之食,土木衣人之衣,谷人不足于昼,丝
人不足于夜之谓恶政。”(《先知》)禽兽食人之食,因狩猎而影响农民劳作;上
木衣人之衣,祭祀偶象而侵夺人民衣服。这两大恶政都是成帝为之而不悟的弊政。
针对成帝晚年沉溺酒色,扬雄还作有《酒赋》,赋中虚设&1dquo;酒客”与&1dquo;法度士”相
论难,&1dquo;以讽谏成帝”[注]。无处不表现出他尽忠报国的心愿。由于扬雄赋兼具思
想性、艺术性二美,大受正直的人们称赏。王充《论衡·效力》说:&1dquo;世称力者,
常褒乌获,然则董仲舒、扬子云,文之鸟获也。’将扬雄与西汉大儒董仲舒相提并
论,说他们是文章圣手,力千钧。后生晚辈,更是步其后尘,模仿习作,当时年
仅13岁的翩翩少年、后来的大思想家桓谭即是其中一个。《论》有云:&1dquo;予少时
见扬子云丽文高论,不量年少,狠欲逮及,尝作《山赋》。用思太剧,而立感动
病。”后来二人遂成为忘年之交。
可是,至高无上的专制君王,是一群只望天佑,不怕天罚的无耻之辈,群臣进
谏,说重了将犯送鳞,引起震怒,说轻了又无济于事,汉成帝虽说不上是拒谏饰非
的暴君,却也不是从谏如流的明主。刘向、谷永上书直切,成帝也只是&1dquo;心善其言”,
&1dquo;然终不能用”。何况赋体雍容,劝十讽一,作者写赋,必搜罗奇事妙语,推类极
至,磅礴宏大,渲染得无以复加,然后才归结到正道上来,稍事讽谏。讽谏之辞并
不明显,全靠自觉的统治者细心领会。否则,读之者佯若不知,就会&1dquo;劝而不止”。
汉武帝好神仙,司马相如上《大人赋》,&1dquo;欲以讽”,武帝读后,反而&1dquo;飘飘有凌
云之志”。王充《论衡·谴告》说:&1dquo;孝武皇帝好仙,司马长卿献《大人赋》,上
乃仙仙有凌云之气。孝成皇帝好广宫室,扬子云上《甘泉颂》,妙称神怪,若曰非
🎁免费-纯欲御姐主播请退出浏览器阅读模式,否则将导致章节内容缺失及无法阅读下一章。
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