第十八章 河内太守张杨（第1页）
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张扬，字稚叔，云中人，汉末群雄之一，汉大司马、河内太守，以武勇给并州，为武猛从事。灵帝末，并州刺史丁原遣杨将兵诣蹇硕，为假司马。灵帝崩，硕为何进所杀。杨复为进所遣，归本州募兵，得千余人，因留上党，击山贼。及董卓作乱，杨遂以所将攻上党太守于壶关，不下，略诸县，众至数千人。袁绍至河内，杨与绍合，复与匈奴单于于夫罗屯漳水。单于欲叛，绍、杨不从。单于执杨至黎阳，卓以杨为建义将军、河内太守。天子之在河东，杨将兵至安邑，拜安国将军，封晋阳侯。杨欲迎天子还洛，诸将不听，杨还野王。建安元年，杨奉、董承、韩暹挟天子还旧京，粮乏。杨以粮迎道路，遂至洛阳，还野王。即拜为大司马。杨素与吕布善。太祖之围布，杨欲救之，不能。乃出兵东市，遥为之势。其将杨丑，杀杨以应太祖。
张杨，同时也有记作“张扬”的情况，以及字也在一些书上记作“雅叔”的情况，袁宏《后汉纪》作张阳。象张杨这样的地方实力派，本身并不具备争夺天下的雄心和实力，在后汉末年纷乱的政治格局下，找不到自己的方向，何去何从难以定夺，成为纷乱格局下的政治迷途者，所以其政治立场也随着时局的改变而不断变化。从一开始的官兵土匪官兵，到后来一会儿成为董卓的帮凶，一会儿又变成了朝廷的忠实子民，就说明张杨在乱世之中的应变能力和政治眼光比较差，面对如此错综复杂的局面，张杨显得力不从心，四处化缘投机。
对待正在乱世之中脱颖而出的曹操，张杨缺乏足够的分析判断能力，虽然在之前有过和曹操通好的经历，但是后来又因为自己的政治判断，出现问题而与之为敌，招致杀身之祸；对待吕布，张杨虽然很够义气，但是却没有站在一个战略的角度加以分析，之前张杨的收留多少还显得有点眼光，但之后的策应实在是非常不理智，此时的吕布势力已经是奄奄一息、苟延残喘，而曹操却是如东升之日，迅速崛起，这也反衬出张杨拙劣的政治眼光，缺乏一个政治人物应有的敏锐。
加上张杨性格上的懦弱，《三国志?吕布传》注引《英雄记》曰：“杨性仁和，无威刑。下人谋反，发觉，对之涕泣，辄原不问。对部下的管束水平低劣，部下对其多有不服，最终难逃“授首于臣下”的下场。象张杨这样的例子，在乱世之中显得比较多见，这种小人物的下场通常也和张杨一样不得善终。俗话说：“乱世出英雄”，英雄毕竟是少数，更多的却是象张杨这样的乱世迷途者，也许就是这些小人物们的迷茫，和不知所措才成就了英雄们的辉煌吧。
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