第一章 刚毅之士田丰(第1页)
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田丰,字元皓,钜鹿人,博览多识,权略多奇,曾在朝中任侍御史,因不满宦官专权,弃官归家。
田丰生不逢时,处于王权中衰,世事纷扰的乱世,当时腐朽的宦官集团与士大夫势力间,展开了长期而激烈的较量,对宦官的态度如何,是当时评价士人高下的主要标准。桓灵之间,宦官凭借皇权的威力,兴起两次“党锢之祸”,不少士人领袖被诛杀、禁锢,田丰正在洛阳任职,其态度如何呢,所谓“阉官擅朝,英贤被害,丰乃弃官归家”,表明他虽没有直接参与反宦官的斗争,但显然是站在士大夫一边的,其“弃官归家”,便是对宦官专权的抗议。
中平六年,袁绍剿灭宦官势力,但胜利果实被关西军阀董卓窃取,为笼络人心,董卓一开始曾在朝廷内外“显拔幽滞”,起用士人代表,韩馥被委为冀州牧,冀州主要的士人如田丰、沮授、审配等都应辟入幕。此时,袁绍奔河北,领勃海郡太守,领导关东地区的反董卓战争,被推为盟主。袁绍家族自高祖袁安以下“四世三公,由是权倾天下,绍有姿貌威容,能折节下士,士多附之”,董卓西迁后,袁绍迫韩馥让位,冀州士人多应之,田丰为当地士人代表,袁绍“卑辞厚币以招致丰,丰以王室多难,志存匡救,乃应绍命”
初平二年,袁绍登上冀州牧位之后,为巩固统治基础,曾一度重用冀州士人,田丰、沮授、审配等主要人物都被辟举,“甚见器重”,成为袁绍幕中主要僚佐。平定冀州和河北地区,主要的对手是幽州军阀公孙瓒、黄巾余部“黑山贼”,田丰屡随袁绍出征,为其筹画,史称“绍用丰谋,以平公孙瓒”,反映了他的功绩。及至建安年间,袁绍控制了冀、青、幽、并四州,实现了“横大河之北,合四州之众”的战略构想,下一步便是进行用兵河南的战略转移了。但田丰、沮授在为袁绍制定发展战略时曾指出,实现这一战略转变,必须具备一个重要条件,即迎奉汉献帝,取得“挟天子以令诸侯”的舆论优势,田丰提出“劝绍迎天子,绍不纳”,这一谋略在当时确是深谋远虑,比曹操集团荀彧的提议,早了三四年,令人遗憾的是,袁绍没有采纳这一建议,利用有利时机将汉献帝迎奉至邺城,从而铸成了无可挽回的错误。
做为第一流的谋士,田丰善于见微知著,灵活应变而不拘于陈式,建安五年,曹操得知袁绍欲南下决战,而东南徐州在刘备手中,依附于袁绍,为避免将来陷入两面受敌的困境,曹操亲领大军东征。其谋士屡谏,惧袁绍乘机断后,曹操认为袁绍“性缓”,必迟疑不决,田丰看到了这一机会,进言袁绍:“与公争天下者,曹操也。操今东击刘备,兵连未可卒解,今举军而袭其后,可一往而定,兵以机动,斯其时也。”袁绍若立刻兴师,曹操便陷入两面受敌的困境之中,这是曹操最不愿意看到的事。相反,袁绍不出师,刘备会很快失败,曹操回师布防,专心抵御袁绍,形势便发生了变化。袁绍智不及此,竟“辞以子疾,未得行”,田丰举杖击地曰:“嗟乎,事去矣!夫遭难之机,而以婴儿病失其会,惜哉!”可谓爱之深,则言之切,但袁绍“闻而怒之,从此遂疏焉”,对此,历代论者无不为之叹息。
曹操返师,在黄河南岸设阵布防,袁绍开始大举南征,田丰“以既失前机,不宜便行”,谏曰:“曹操既破刘备,则许下弗复空虚。且操善用兵,变化无方,众虽少,未可轻也”,并且重提“渐营”与“久持”之术,希望袁绍“外结英雄”、“内修农战”,整治部伍,再施以“乘虚迭出”之计,即左右出击,使对方疲于奔命,不战自溃。他最后警告袁绍:“今释庙胜之策,而决成败于一战,若不如志,悔无及也。”袁绍不纳,田丰“恳谏,绍以为沮众,遂械系之”。当曹操“闻丰不从戎,喜曰:‘绍必败矣。’及胜,复曰:‘向使绍用田别驾计,尚未可知也。’”此后袁绍南征,在具体战术上又不断失误,终于在官渡被曹操击溃,几乎全军覆灭。逃亡途中,不少将士痛定思痛,“抚膝而泣”,曰:“向令田丰在此,不至于是也。”有人以为袁绍会改弦更张,对田丰说:“君必见重。”田丰深知袁绍“外宽内忌”的病态心理,说:“若军有利,吾必全,今军败,吾其死矣。”果然,袁绍说:“冀州人闻吾军败,皆当念吾,惟田别驾前谏止吾,与众不同,吾亦惭见之。”于是将其杀害,做为聪明过人的一代杰出的谋士,田丰竟落得这样一种结局,真是一幕令人寒心的悲剧。
造成这种悲剧的原因是什么呢,大家都认为在于袁绍不善用人,曹操的谋主荀彧、郭嘉、许攸等人,都是从袁绍集团中逃出来的,田丰、沮授既知袁绍之痼疾,为何不“弃暗投明”择技另栖呢?荀彧、郭嘉等弃绍归操者,其籍贯多是河南,而田丰、沮授等为冀州土著,故前者离开袁绍容易,而后者却是乡土宗族难离。他们尽忠于袁绍,是想稳定河北,发展势力,但袁绍身为汝南人,对冀州豪强势力的发展颇为忧惧,而其身边的河南士人则乘机从中设阻,打击河北士人。
袁绍后期其集团内部,两股士人势力冲突加剧,袁绍走上了韩馥的老路,在这一斗争中,袁绍明显偏向于河南士人,田丰之惨死,即也与此有关。史载:“逢纪惮丰亮直,数谗之于绍,绍遂忌丰。”绍南征,逢纪为留守,又谗曰:“丰闻将军之退,拊手大笑,喜其言之中也。……绍于是有害丰之意。”田丰等不愿离弃袁绍,实际上是由其乡土观念决定的,而袁绍猜忌、压制田丰诸人,也是由其地域观念所引发,因此,可以说袁绍集团中地域派别的分化与斗争,才是造成田丰、沮授诸人悲剧的根本原因。
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