第十章 顾命大臣桑弘羊(第1页)
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桑弘羊,河南洛阳人,西汉时期政治家、理财专家、汉武帝的顾命大臣之一,官至御史大夫。
出身商人家庭,以精于心算入侍宫中,历任侍中、大农丞、治粟都尉、大司农等职。
在汉武帝大力支持下,先后推行算缗、告缗、盐铁官营、均输、平准、币制改革、酒榷等经济政策,同时组织六十万人屯田戍边,防御匈奴。
汉昭帝即位,桑弘羊迁任御史大夫,与霍光、金日磾等同为辅政大臣。
盐铁会议召开,因贤良文学指责盐铁官营和均输、平准等政策“与民争利”
,桑弘羊与之展开辩论,会后,改酒类专卖为征税,其他政策仍沿袭不变。
因与霍光政见发生分歧,被卷入燕王刘旦和上官桀父子的谋反事件,牵连被杀。
桑弘羊,出生于洛阳的一户富商家庭,少年时期的桑弘羊就能帮助家庭进行一些理财活动。
另一方面,出将入相、封土拜爵的出仕立功思想,牢牢占据着桑弘羊的头脑。
年仅十三岁的桑弘羊,以“精于心算”
名闻洛阳,汉廷诏书,特拔桑弘羊入宫,任侍中,由此踏上了仕途。
长期在武帝身边伴读,使桑弘羊与武帝形成了亲密的君臣关系,并逐渐成为武帝的得力助手。
为了应对因对外战争造成的财政亏空问题,武帝采纳郑当时的建议,下令实施盐铁官营政策,将原属少府管辖的盐铁划归大农令,由国家垄断盐铁的生产,并任命大盐商东郭咸阳、大冶铁商孔仅为大农丞专门负责此事。
桑弘羊由于善于计算经济问题,仍作为侍中参与盐铁官营规划,负责“计算”
和“言利”
之事,武帝提拔桑弘羊为大农丞,统管会计事务。
汉武帝任命桑弘羊为治粟都尉,并代理大农令。
此后,推行盐铁官营制度和均输法,创立平准法,实行纳粟拜爵、补官及赎罪政策;大农令改称大司农,其属官系统也得到整顿和扩大,桑弘羊授大司农,任内推行酒榷制度,因受到其昆弟子犯法的株连,被贬为搜粟都尉,但仍代理大司农的职务。
汉军出兵西域,再次攻破车师后,桑弘羊与田千秋等联名上书,建议武帝扩大轮台屯田,加强轮台、渠犁的屯田规模,以保障军粮供给。
武帝下《轮台诏》,对桑弘羊等人的建议不予采纳,并检讨战争中的错误,提出调整政策,尽管如此,后世学者对于汉武帝的政策是否由此发生根本性的转折,仍存争议。
汉武帝病重,将年仅八岁的刘弗陵立为皇太子,武帝诏近臣托孤,任命奉车都尉霍光为大司马、大将军,接受遗诏辅政,加封桑弘羊为御史大夫,金日磾为车骑将军,上官桀为左将军,共同辅佐少主。
刘弗陵登基为帝,为汉昭帝,遵照武帝遗诏,由大将军霍光主持国政、领尚书事,车骑将军金日磾、左将军上官桀为其副手。
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