第21页（第2页）
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大概是中国人的独创，而创者则是孔夫子。《春秋》的是非标准主要是&1dquo;君君、
臣臣、父父、子子”的等级名分和与之相应的礼制[注]，凡有违背，皆在讥贬之列，
让正义与邪恶，昭昭若揭，通过赞扬什么、反对什么来体现他的思想和主张。因而
《史记》说：&1dquo;夫《春秋》，上明三王之道，下辨人事之纪，别嫌疑，明是非，定
犹豫，善善恶恶，贤贤贱不肖，存亡国，继绝世，补敝起废，王道之大者也！”
（《太史公自序》）《孟子》甚至说：&1dquo;孔子成《春秋》而乱臣贼子惧！”（《滕
文公下》）《春秋》的写作方法（即&1dquo;书法”）是&1dquo;一字褒贬”、&1dquo;微言大义”，
即《史记》所谓&1dquo;约其文而指博”（《太史公自序》），文字简练，寓意深刻。吴
楚之君实称王，而《春秋》贬之曰子，践土之会实召天子，而《春秋》书曰&1dquo;天子
狩于河阳”，变被动受召的耻辱为主动巡视的威风。一字一句，都寄寓了孔子满腔
的仁义礼乐用心，《春秋》已不再是简单的史书，不再是旧时的陈迹，而是孔子伦
理思想和政治思想的蓝本，是孔子礼乐社会的《理想国》！
做完这些工作，孔子似乎很疲倦了。成天精神倦怠，夜不成寐。从前由于对周
礼的执迷和对现实的无奈，常常夜梦周公，神交古人，现在连这点欣慰都没有了，
真让他伤心极了！一天夜里，他忽然梦见自己坐在殡丧的位置上，醒来预感到自己
大限已到，将不久于人世。次日子贡来见，孔子对他悲歌：&1dquo;太（泰）山坏乎！梁
柱摧乎！哲人萎乎！”歌罢潸然涕下。7天后，孔子卒，终年73岁。一代哲人就这样
悲怆地离开了人世。其时鲁哀公十六年，即公元前479年。
六、一代宗师万世师表
美国大百科全书曾这样评价说：&1dquo;孔子是中国古代的圣贤和伟大的哲学家。用
不着丝毫神化或把他抬高到神奇的地位，事实上孔子的学说已挥了这种造型影响，
以至于要把中国人的生活之道用一个词概括起来的话，那么这个词就是&1squo;孔夫子主
义’（或&1squo;儒家化的东西’）。”这段话如实地反映了孔子对中国文化的影响，下
面欲对孔了用以影响中国社会的思想体系作一大概介绍。
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