第50页(第1页)
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&1dquo;动静之道”,指运动变化之道。这是说,推理论证是使用自我同一的概念来说明
它的运动变化规律的一种思维形式。荀子的这一定义,突出地肯定了推理是概念的
运动,是一种创见。
总之,从思维的结构上说,荀子认为,名是思维的细胞,有了名才能下判断,
才有辞;有了名和辞,才能进行推理和论证,才有辨说。名、辞、辨说各以前面的
思维形式为前提,越来越趋于复杂。从思维的作用上说,无论名辞,还是辨说,都
是为了喻实的,其中名更为根本。&1dquo;命不喻”然后才有期,&1dquo;期不喻”然后才有说,
&1dquo;说不响”然后才有辨。可见,辞和说辨都是为名服务的。
既然名如此重要,那么,制定正确的名的要领和方法是什么呢?荀子在《正名》
篇里提出了五条。
第一是&1dquo;同则同之,异则异之”。事物相同,其名也同;事物相异,其名也异。
第二是&1dquo;单足以喻则单,单不足以喻则兼”。这是就语词表现形式而言。如果
用一个字就可以把某种实表达清楚,就只用一个字表达;如果用单名不足以表达清
楚,就用一个字以上的复名(即兼名)。
第三是遍举用&1dquo;共名”,偏举用&1dquo;别名”。荀子说:
单与兼无所相避则共,虽共,不为害矣&he11ip;&he11ip;故万物虽众,有时而欲遍
举之,故谓之物。物也者,大共名也。推而共之,共则有共,至于无共然
后止。有时欲偏举之,故谓之鸟兽。鸟兽也者,大别名也,推而别之,别
则有别,至于无别然后止。
荀子此说,不但阐述了一个制名的方法,而且也是对名的推演关系和分类理论
的一个创造。&1dquo;推而共之,共则有共”,共名沿着&1dquo;共”的方向推演,是名的概括。
概括的结果,使名的外延扩大。&1dquo;推而别之,别则有别”,别名沿着&1dquo;别”的方向
推演,是名的限制。限制的结果,使名的外延缩小。荀子认为,这种概括和限制又
都不是无止境的。&1dquo;共”至一定程度则不能再&1dquo;共”,这就出现&1dquo;无共”。无共是
最后的共名,也是外延最大的共名,即大共名。&1dquo;别”至一定程度也不能再&1dquo;别”,
这就出现了&1dquo;无别”,&1dquo;无别”是最后的别名,也是外延最小的别名,即大别名。
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