第49页(第2页)
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对矛盾的关系,做到&1dquo;虚查而静”,就能达到&1dquo;大清明”的境界,做到&1dquo;坐于室而
见四海,处于今而论久远,疏观万物而知其情,参稽治乱而通其度,经纬天地而材
官万物,制割大理而宇宙理矣”(同上)。从认识形式到认识方法,荀子的辩证思
维水平,确实是他那个时代无人能及的。
六、制名以指实
荀子作为先秦诸子思想的集大成者,也是先秦最有成就的逻辑学家之一。荀子
在逻辑研究上的贡献,主要在概念论上。
荀子先揭示了思维活动的四种形态,他说:
实不喻然后命,命不喻然后期,期不喻然后说,说不喻然后辨。故期、
命、辨、说也者,用之大文也,而王业之始也。(《荀子·正名》)
&1dquo;实”,指客观事物,或称认识对象。&1dquo;命”,指制名的思维活动。&1dquo;期”,
指下判断的思维活动。&1dquo;说”,指解说、推理活动。&1dquo;辨”,指辨论论活动。荀子
认为,命、期、说、辨是实际运用中的四种重要思维活动,是成就王业的起点。
与这四种思维活动相联系,荀子又明确提出了名、辞、辨说三种思维形式。名
是&1dquo;命”所产生的直接结果。荀子给名下了一个定义:
名也者,所以期累实也。(同上)
认为概念是抽象反映一类事物共同属性的思维形式。概念的实质是类,说明抽
象性和普遍性是概念的本质属性,这一见解异常深刻。他又说:
若有王者起,必将有循于旧名,有作于名。(同上)
认为名不是一成不变的,有&1dquo;循旧”,也须&1dquo;作”。但名的变与不变,其要
求都是&1dquo;名以指实”,即名实相符。
辞则是&1dquo;期”所产生的直接结果。荀子说:
辞也者,兼异实之名以论一意也。(同上)
这是说,辞的作用,不是简单地指称事物,而是表示一个思想。这不仅揭示了
辞的本质,而且从思维形式的结构和作用上说出了辞和名的区别和联系。
辨说是解说、辩论这些思维活动所产生的直接结果。荀子对其也下了一个定义:
辨说也者,不异实名所喻动静之道也。(同上)
&1dquo;辨说”,即推理论证。&1dquo;不异实名”,名实一致,指同用一个概念和事物。
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