第10页（第2页）
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等级制度，孔子并没有不满，更不会表示反抗。他生性不会怪罪别人，认为：&1dquo;不
患人之不己知，患己之不能也。”（《论语·宪问》，下引《论语》，只注篇名）
&1dquo;不患无位，患所以立。”（《里仁》）在处理人际关系时，孔子也是自责从严，
待人从宽。他说：&1dquo;君子求诸己，小人求诸人。”（《卫灵公》）对阳虎的闭门羹，
他不怨天，不尤人，平静地退了下来。此后他努力学习，加强修养，以适应等级社
会的种种要求，争取人们的理解和接受，希望通过&1dquo;庶人在官”的途径进入贵族集
团。他曾自述其为学历程说：
吾十有五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而
耳顺，七十而从心所欲不逾矩（《为政》）。
即是说，他15岁立下系统学习礼乐文化之志；3o岁学成，已可立身上流社会；
4o岁则信心坚定，认识准确，无所困惑；5o岁，参验大道，认识天命，或曰规律、
真理；6o岁，能对一切耳闻目睹之事作出迅又准确的反映；7o岁，他纵心而行，
行无不与天合；纵口而言，言必与事验。所言所行无不与客观规律和行为准则高度
统一。这就是孔子从一个不被社会理解和接受的孤儿成长为万世景仰的圣人，在知
识和修养上的渐进过程。
根据孔子的自述和他的一生行事，其3o岁以前是勤奋学习，初具立身处世的各
种知识和才能的时期，3o岁以后则是他在知识和修养上进一步纯化和提高的时期。
当时，贵族阶级推重的知识和技能有六种，即礼、乐、射、御、书、数，此即&1dquo;六
艺”。&1dquo;六艺”涵盖&1dquo;德、智、体、美、劳”各个方面。《周礼》说：&1dquo;保氏掌谏
王恶，而养国子以道，乃教之六艺。”国子，即贵族子弟。国子所学为六艺，所师
为保氏。据载还有库序、辟雍、伴宫等专门场所为国子之学校。但是只可借这都是
出自故者遗贤对西周旧制的追忆。孔子所生的春秋时期，&1dquo;礼坏乐崩”，既无学校，
也无教材，当然也没有老师。国家没有具体措施教化人才，故贵族子弟多膏粱世胄，
锦衣玉食——无所长。他们不再是先掌握了&1dquo;六艺”然后从政，多半是胸无点墨，
已为世官。其优秀者乃能于从政之余，为工作所迫学点礼仪，以应付为政之需，同
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